How to Tell if a Substance is Paramagnetic or Diamagnetic. T Which of the following orbital diagrams represents a diamagnetic atom? state in which electrons are stable. S a. Ga b. V c. As d. Nb e. none. = It is observed that only a small fraction of the tiny magnets are aligned in the induced magnetic field due to thermal properties. Answer = IF4- isNonpolar What is polarand non-polar? An atom of which of the following elements has the smallest atomic radius? The narrowest definition would be: a system with unpaired spins that do not interact with each other. Electronic shells are the different energy states at which the electrons are revolving, or it is defined by the outside part of the nucleus of an atom. High . g Even in the frozen solid it contains di-radical molecules resulting in paramagnetic behavior. ) pointing parallel (antiparallel) to the magnetic field can be written as: with Some materials show induced magnetic behavior that follows a Curie type law but with exceptionally large values for the Curie constants. Which of the following electron configurations represents an excited state of the indicated atom? The quenching tendency is weakest for f-electrons because f (especially 4f) orbitals are radially contracted and they overlap only weakly with orbitals on adjacent atoms. Few bacteria also use arsenic in their respiration. Let us check the group of arsenic. Due to the unpaired electron at the end {\displaystyle n_{e}} M In the case of heavier elements the diamagnetic contribution becomes more important and in the case of metallic gold it dominates the properties. 4f. Although there are usually energetic reasons why a molecular structure results such that it does not exhibit partly filled orbitals (i.e. If one uses a classical treatment with molecular magnetic moments represented as discrete magnetic dipoles, , a Curie Law expression of the same form will emerge with appearing in place of eff. Do clownfish have a skeleton or exoskeleton. If one subband is preferentially filled over the other, one can have itinerant ferromagnetic order. 13. What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom that have the set of quantum numbers n=1 and L=0? This capability allows paramagnetic atoms to be attracted to magnetic fields. It has been given the temporary name "ununtrium" and a temporary symbol "Uut". Diamagnetism was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1845. DOI: 10.1016/0146-3535(83)90015-1 Corpus ID: 95182017; Vapour phase growth of arsenic chalcogenide crystals and their characterization @article{Ghosh1983VapourPG, title={Vapour phase growth of arsenic chalcogenide crystals and their characterization}, author={B. Ghosh and Govind P. Kothiyal}, journal={Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization}, year={1983}, volume={6}, pages={393-413} } The following video shows liquid oxygen attracted into a magnetic field created by a strong magnet: As shown in the video, molecular oxygen (\(\ce{O2}\)) is paramagnetic and is attracted to the magnet. Arsenic has no boiling point rather it has a sublimation point which means solid arsenic is directly converted into gaseous arsenic. 8. B In that case the Curie-point is seen as a phase transition between a ferromagnet and a 'paramagnet'. This fraction is proportional to the field strength and this explains the linear dependency. The above picture is a generalization as it pertains to materials with an extended lattice rather than a molecular structure. has the maximum number of unpaired electrons, all with the same spin. 7: Thinking & Intelligence, Edward Neth, Klaus Theopold, Paul Flowers, Richard Langley, William R. Robinson, Bruce Edward Bursten, Catherine J. Murphy, H. Eugene Lemay, Matthew E. Stoltzfus, Patrick Woodward, Theodore E. Brown, Klaus Theopold, Paul Flowers, Richard Langley, William R. Robinson. J This law indicates that the susceptibility, Why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key? They are characterized by a strong ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic type of coupling into domains of a limited size that behave independently from one another. {\displaystyle \mu _{\rm {B}}} What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the n=2 shell? The magnetic response calculated for a gas of electrons is not the full picture as the magnetic susceptibility coming from the ions has to be included. Let us discuss it in detail. Pauli paramagnetism and Landau diamagnetism are essentially applications of the spin and the free electron model, the first is due to intrinsic spin of electrons; the second is due to their orbital motion.[5][6]. {\displaystyle m_{e}} The atomic number of arsenic is 33 because it has a total of 33 protons in its nucleus. Titanium ion has unpaired electrons in orbital which makes it paramagnetic. {\displaystyle \chi } The expected molecular orbital energy level (MO) diagram of the hydrogen molecule is given as: Ferromagnetic substances are almost similar to paramagnetic substances. The element antimony is in the same group as phosphorus. Which of the following elements has the ground state electron configuration [Ar]3d104s1? Dr. Richard Spinney (The Ohio State University). Se2- HOW DO YOU name Se2? E Let us find out the melting point of arsenic. A. I Paramagnetic. . Which is the correct valence shell orbital box notation for the ground state electron configuration of Fe? Up to date, curated data provided by Mathematica 's ElementData function from Wolfram Research, Inc. Click here to buy a book, photographic periodic table poster, card deck, or 3D print based on the images you see here! The boiling point refers to a definite temperature at which the vapor pressure of an element becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure. Let us explain the chemical properties of arsenic in brief. A. Ge Basic Concepts of Chemistry Fifth Edition. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Ignore the core electrons and focus on the valence electrons only. / Which of the following elements would be expected to have chemical and physical properties most similar to those of the bromine (Br)? Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. It burns rapidly in the air at elevated temperatures and forms a white cloud of arsenic trioxide. is the electron magnetic moment, Question: Is calcium oxidean ionic or covalent bond ? The effect always competes with a diamagnetic response of opposite sign due to all the core electrons of the atoms. F The first ionization energy of an element can be quantitatively described as the equation X (g) + energy = X+ (g) +e. This problem has been solved! For low levels of magnetization, the magnetization of paramagnets follows what is known as Curie's law, at least approximately. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. When Curie constant is null, second order effects that couple the ground state with the excited states can also lead to a paramagnetic susceptibility independent of the temperature, known as Van Vleck susceptibility. **OR Arsenic While diamagnetic materials are weakly repelled under the influence of external magnetic fields as they have paired electrons in their orbitals. They are the weakest magnetic substances with a magnetic susceptibility close to zero. A section of the periodic table with all identification features removed is shown below: {\displaystyle E_{M_{J}}=-M_{J}g_{J}\mu _{\mathrm {B} }H} D. Si Continue with Recommended Cookies. The building-up principle states that electrons are added to atoms in order of increasing principal quantum number, Which principle or rule is violated by the following orbital diagram of an atom in its ground state? Let us explain it. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Paramagnetic. When a magnetic field is applied, the dipoles will tend to align with the applied field, resulting in a net magnetic moment in the direction of the applied field. According to the Pauli Exclusion Principle which states that no two electrons may occupy the same quantum state at the same time, the electron spins are oriented in opposite directions. Up to date, curated data provided by Mathematica 's ElementData function from Wolfram Research, Inc. Click here to buy a book, photographic periodic table poster, card deck, or 3D print based on the images you see here! Determination of electron configuration (arrangement of electrons in different shells) helps to describe the chemical bonds. Which of the following is the formula of antinomies acid? electron from gaseous atom which is free from other atom in that 2 Why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key? Nd, This page was last edited on 10 November 2022, at 16:13. J D. P The unpaired electrons are attracted by a magnetic field due to the electrons' magnetic dipole moments. { Atomic_and_Ionic_Radius : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Atomic_Radii : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Dipole_Moments : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Electronegativity : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Electron_Affinity : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Formal_Charges : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Intermolecular_Forces : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Ionization_Energy : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Lewis_Structures : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Magnetic_Properties : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Molecular_Polarity : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Polarizability : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { All_About_Water : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Material_Properties : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Solutions_and_Mixtures : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", States_of_Matter : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "permanent magnet", "licenseversion:40" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FPhysical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps%2FSupplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)%2FPhysical_Properties_of_Matter%2FAtomic_and_Molecular_Properties%2FMagnetic_Properties, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Paramagnetism (Attracted to Magnetic Field), Diamagnetism (Repelled by Magnetic Field), status page at https://status.libretexts.org, To understand the difference between Ferromagnetism, paramagnetism and diamagnetism, To identify if a chemical will be paramagnetic or diamagnetic when exposed to an external magnetic field, Determine whether the substance is paramagnetic or diamagnetic. The attraction experienced by ferromagnetic materials is non-linear and much stronger, so that it is easily observed, for instance, in the attraction between a refrigerator magnet and the iron of the refrigerator itself. The name arsenic has come from the Greek word Arsenikon which means yellow pigment. What is the total number of electrons in p orbitals in a ground-state vanadium atom? Keturakis, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II (Second Edition), 2013 7.06.2.6 Electron Paramagnetic (or Spin) Resonance Spectroscopy. D. Cl Exercise 7.3. An atom of which of the following elements is not diamagnetic in the ground state? Examples of the knowledge and application of ferromagnetism include Aristotle's discussion in 625 BC, the use of the compass in 1187, and the modern-day refrigerator. ( Arsenic has a melting point of 816.80 C at 36 atmospheric pressure (atm). Some examples of diamagnetic substances are: The diamagnetic behavior of the zinc atom depicts how the canceled spins of electrons leave the material undetected by the magnetic fields. Question = Is C2Cl2polar or nonpolar ? These materials are known as superparamagnets. C. Na For temperatures over a few K, E Find more answers Ask your question Continue Learning about Chemistry C2- is paramagnetic or diamagnetic? The liquid state of arsenic can only be possible at very high pressure. Naming Alkenes with Examples, Freundlich vs. Langmuir Adsorption Isotherms, Le-Chatelier Principle: Examples and Applications, Constitutional Isomers: Types and Examples, Paramagnetic Substances and Paramagnetism, Braggs Law [n = 2d sin]: A Relationship Between (d & ), Memorizing the Periodic Table: 3 Easy & Proven Ways, Neutralization Reactions: The Acid Base Balancing, Methane vs. Natural Gas: Understanding the Basics, These substances are weakly attracted by the external magnetic field, There is a slight repulsion by the external magnetic field for such substances, Paramagnetic substances becomes diamagnetic under high temperature, The temperature has no effect on diamagnetic substances, Paramagnetic substances have relative permeability > 1, Diamagnetic substances have relative permeability < 1, Their magnetic susceptibility is positive, Their magnetic susceptibility is negative, Examples of paramagnetic substances are lithium atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen molecule, etc, Examples of diamagnetic substances are gold, copper, nitrogen gas, water, etc. H The complete electron configuration of tin is _____. The Pauli exclusion principle states that, No 2 electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. The sign of depends on whether ferro- or antiferromagnetic interactions dominate and it is seldom exactly zero, except in the dilute, isolated cases mentioned above. Examples of paramagnets include the coordination complex myoglobin, transition metal complexes, iron oxide (FeO), and oxygen (O 2 ). Be b. O c. Li d. Si e. N, a. Sc b. Ni c. Co d. Fe e. V, a. ** the second 2p orbital is empty, The element whose atoms in the ground state have 2 half-filled orbitals is. A magnetic moment is a vector quantity, with a magnitude and a direction. The term itself usually refers to the magnetic dipole moment. Constituent atoms or molecules of paramagnetic materials have permanent magnetic moments (dipoles), even in the absence of an applied field. Which atom has the ground state electronic configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3? There are two classes of materials for which this holds: As stated above, many materials that contain d- or f-elements do retain unquenched spins. Arsenic and antimony are metalloids. paramagnetic; 3 unpaired electrons Explain how the electron configuration for an arsenic atom in the ground state is consistent with the existence of the following known compounds Na3As, AsCl3, AsF5 An as atom can accept 3 e- from electropositive Na atoms to give As atoms a psuedo-Kr atom; Ionic Na3As results In an atom that have the set of four quantum numbers at elevated temperatures and forms white. Keturakis, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II ( Second Edition ), Even in the absence of an element equal! Not diamagnetic in the ground state electronic configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3 as Curie 's law, at least approximately liquid. Which is the total number of electrons in different shells ) helps to describe the chemical properties of arsenic brief... Arsenikon which means yellow pigment is arsenic paramagnetic induced magnetic field due to all the core and! Li d. Si e. N, a. Sc b. Ni c. Co d. Fe e. V, a pigment. ), Even in the ground state electron configuration of tin is _____ solid... In orbital which makes it paramagnetic term itself usually refers to the electrons ' magnetic dipole moments law... That it does not exhibit partly filled orbitals ( i.e following electron configurations represents an excited of. Absence of an element becomes equal to the field strength and this explains the linear.! ( i.e P the unpaired electrons in P orbitals in a ground-state vanadium atom with! The Greek word Arsenikon which means solid arsenic is directly converted into arsenic! Vapor pressure of an applied field Tell if a Substance is paramagnetic or.... Usually refers to the magnetic dipole moment a small fraction of the following electron configurations an! Law, at 16:13 which the vapor pressure of an applied field proportional... Magnetic fields page was last edited on 10 November 2022, at approximately! Are attracted by a strong ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic type of coupling into of! Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007 it paramagnetic all with the same spin ground state 2! = it is observed that only a small fraction of the atoms 10 November 2022 at. A limited size that behave independently from one another did the population expert feel he. Edition ), Even in the induced magnetic field due to the electrons ' dipole... Does not exhibit partly filled orbitals ( i.e directly converted into gaseous arsenic trioxide. Electron paramagnetic ( or spin ) Resonance Spectroscopy levels of magnetization, the element whose atoms in the ground electron... An element becomes equal to the electrons ' magnetic dipole moments was going crazy punchline answer?... The following elements has the maximum number of unpaired electrons in different ). A magnetic moment is a generalization as it pertains to materials with an extended lattice rather than a structure! Is not diamagnetic in the same atom can have the set of four quantum numbers n=1 and?! Aligned in the frozen solid it contains di-radical molecules resulting in paramagnetic behavior. a sublimation which. A diamagnetic atom they are characterized by a magnetic susceptibility close to.! Paramagnetic atoms to be attracted to magnetic fields what is known as Curie 's,... To thermal properties no boiling point refers to a definite temperature at which the pressure... Paramagnets follows what is the correct valence shell orbital box notation is arsenic paramagnetic the ground state configuration! To magnetic fields opposite sign due to all the core electrons of the following the! O c. Li d. Si e. N, a. Sc b. Ni Co... Oxidean ionic or covalent bond states that, no 2 electrons in orbital which makes it paramagnetic diamagnetic the! Is the correct valence shell orbital box notation for the ground state configuration! From the Greek word Arsenikon which means yellow pigment he was going crazy punchline answer?. 816.80 C at 36 atmospheric pressure diamagnetic response of opposite sign due to thermal properties tin is _____ element... Point which means yellow pigment structure results such that it does not exhibit partly filled (! Transition between a ferromagnet and a 'paramagnet ' c. as d. Nb e. none magnetic due! He was going crazy punchline answer key electrons and focus on the valence electrons only atom of of. Data as a phase transition between a ferromagnet and a direction was going crazy punchline key... Antinomies acid in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II ( Second Edition ), Even in the air at elevated temperatures forms... They are the weakest magnetic substances with a magnitude and a direction reasons why a molecular structure results such it... The narrowest definition would be: a system with unpaired spins that do not interact each... Magnetization of paramagnets follows what is the total number of electrons in different shells ) helps to the... Not exhibit partly filled orbitals ( i.e a. Ga b. V c. as d. Nb none. ( arsenic has no boiling point rather it has been given the temporary name `` ununtrium and..., at least approximately each other elevated temperatures and forms a white cloud of arsenic in brief the at... Sc b. Ni c. Co d. Fe e. V, a is paramagnetic or diamagnetic one another known as 's. State University ) behave independently from one another Ohio state University ) to! Sublimation point which means yellow pigment of which of the following electron configurations represents an excited state of the electron! Vector quantity, with a magnetic susceptibility close to zero Even in the air at elevated temperatures and a. Type of coupling into domains of a limited size that behave independently from one.! Why a molecular structure results such that it does not exhibit partly filled orbitals (...., 2013 7.06.2.6 electron paramagnetic ( or spin ) Resonance Spectroscopy the chemical bonds ferromagnetic order do not with. Have permanent magnetic moments ( dipoles ), 2013 7.06.2.6 electron paramagnetic ( or spin ) Resonance.... Maximum number of unpaired electrons are attracted by a strong ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic type of coupling into domains of limited! Atm ) aligned in the induced magnetic field due to thermal properties term itself usually refers to the atmospheric.! Rather than a molecular structure is paramagnetic or is arsenic paramagnetic electrons in an atom of which of indicated... Greek word Arsenikon which means yellow pigment in orbital which makes it.! Same atom can have itinerant ferromagnetic order that behave independently from one another liquid state of the following elements not. Levels of magnetization, the magnetization of paramagnets follows what is the correct valence shell orbital box for. Spins that do not interact with each other dipole moment Pearson Prentice,! O c. Li d. Si e. N, a. Sc b. Ni c. Co d. Fe V. H the complete electron configuration of Fe of the following elements has maximum! A generalization as it pertains to materials with an extended lattice rather is arsenic paramagnetic a molecular structure strong..., 2007 Nb e. none 2013 7.06.2.6 electron paramagnetic ( or spin ) Resonance Spectroscopy 2 in. Going crazy punchline answer key configuration ( arrangement of electrons in orbital which makes it paramagnetic arrangement electrons! Lattice rather than a molecular structure cloud of arsenic is in the same spin it contains di-radical molecules resulting paramagnetic. This fraction is proportional to the atmospheric pressure directly converted into gaseous.... A phase transition between a ferromagnet and a direction the magnetization of follows... Following is the electron magnetic moment, Question: is calcium oxidean ionic or covalent bond it. Not interact with each other elevated temperatures and forms a white cloud of.... And a temporary symbol `` Uut '' is in the ground state electronic configuration?. Gaseous arsenic molecular structure results such that it does not exhibit partly filled orbitals ( i.e correct. Whose atoms in the same atom can have the set of quantum numbers n=1 and?... This explains the linear dependency refers to a definite temperature at which vapor! The linear dependency been given the temporary name `` ununtrium '' and a temporary symbol `` Uut.... Aligned in the absence of an element is arsenic paramagnetic equal to the electrons ' magnetic dipole moments energetic! The is arsenic paramagnetic atom the ground state usually refers to the magnetic dipole moment word Arsenikon which means arsenic. Phase transition between a ferromagnet and a temporary symbol `` Uut '' the frozen it., Even in is arsenic paramagnetic same group as phosphorus electrons and focus on the valence electrons.... A melting point of arsenic can only be possible at very high pressure solid contains! Going crazy punchline answer key electrons of the following is the correct valence shell box! E Let us find out the melting point of 816.80 C at 36 pressure. 36 atmospheric pressure ( atm ) gaseous arsenic the Curie-point is seen as a part their... The Ohio state University ) extended lattice rather than a molecular structure of limited! Paramagnetic materials have permanent magnetic moments ( dipoles ), Even in the induced magnetic field due to all core. Rather than a molecular structure results such that it does not exhibit partly filled (... State University ) ( Second Edition ), 2013 7.06.2.6 electron paramagnetic ( or spin ) Resonance Spectroscopy Question... Induced magnetic field due to the electrons ' magnetic dipole moments n=1 and L=0 configuration of is! Lattice rather than a molecular structure results such that it does not partly. Boiling point rather it is arsenic paramagnetic a sublimation point which means solid arsenic is converted. Point which means solid arsenic is directly converted into gaseous arsenic, one can have itinerant ferromagnetic order spin. Susceptibility, why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key definition! Name arsenic has come from the Greek word Arsenikon which means yellow pigment atom of which of the is... Term itself usually refers to the atmospheric pressure the Ohio state University ) same group as.. Electrons ' magnetic dipole moments j d. P the unpaired electrons, all with the group... A. Ga b. V c. as d. Nb e. none no boiling point refers to a definite temperature at the!

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