An in-basket exercise takes this one step further by simulating an entire day at the office. Techniques and SimulationsOnce youve identified the dimensions, begin work on the exercises to be used. 1 2 3 4 5, 3.Planning and scheduling work assignments; Special events, VIP, contingency plans, COP, Tactical plans, etc. As anyone who has ever gone through an assessment center can attest, its not easy. The secure and easy all-access connection to your content. The primary method of developing the situational exercises (mini-tests) is similar to that used in constructing more traditional promotional examinations. Please let us know how we can improve this page. 10 0 obj Oral Communication: Effective expression when presenting ideas to an individual or group (includes non-verbal communication). To avoid claims of personal bias and favoritism experts from outside your police department serve as panelists on your oral board. A role player plays the part of Officer James and the assessor are noting everything the candidate does and says to the officer and grading the applicant for a series of what has been pre-determined to be the appropriate method to handle the situation. Be sure you speak with the sergeants in your own department who recently tested and scored high on the test. The best format is to start from the beginning of your career. The result was that people received promotions to Sergeant, Lieutenant, Captain, and yes, even Chief, who couldnt lead themselves out of the building, let alone lead men and women toward accomplishing organizational objectives. You suspect he may be a functional alcoholic. Using this model, if you conduct three exercises, youll need nine assessors.Choose assessors from other similar law enforcement agencies who have at least attained the rank being tested. Answer as a manager at your lieutenant oral board There is a natural order to the world and there is a natural order to oral board preparation. endobj Officer James is a 20-year veteran of the department. bookmarked pages associated with this title. More importantly, had you had to correct anothers behaviors through your ability to counsel/coach? These interruptions can include responding to phone calls or additional memos and unexpected visits from citizens and other officers. 12 0 obj endobj Reading a book about the process will give you an in-depth look at each type of task and provide you with instructions on preparing for each area. This procedure is much more difficult, both for the test administrator and for the applicants. An assessment center is not a place to go to take a test. There may also be HR personnel and community members on the panel or as raters) stream In what circumstances did you actually lead, supervise, direct, etc. HW4c/+ye}aal4>]JO^hK_V'O=Q_q{^JWJ}S6/F$b _W?UKO17Sx-,pO{][g[>-k_n%c]{&>uI>Vz>\p:iWJy;?q{o/vMIskTV17Z.k~/ TS2GL1yo&9Trc.Dip&Z'&< =-g[rp$A0\+5j6Zn'+e+Ye>l%eVQ$ecxvw\ay7V}I.%yWGd It will tell you exactly what job youre trying to fill. <> 7. When you are in an interview and have 3 raters, the scores are divided by 3 then, which gives you more of a numbered grade, such as: Rater #1: 4.2, Rater #2, 3.7, and Rater #3, 4.6, for a total of 12.6 divided by 3 = a rating of 4.1666. Many people would read that and think, "It can't be that bad, can it?" Typically the candidate is told to report to a room at a specific time. Here are five strategies that will help you. This could include dealing with the public (Community leaders, politicians, allied agencies, community organizations, youth groups, religious groups, etc.) May also include volunteer work, military, college or business experiences. Here are some examples of critical success factors which might be used or Police Lieutenant: 1. Role-play exercise can take a variety of forms. WebOpen PDF file, 115.69 KB, for 2022 Reading List for Statewide Police Sergeant, Lieutenant, and Captain Examinations (English, PDF 115.69 KB) Open 40% Assessment Center; 20% You will be given an information packet typically containing background information about the employee, departmental procedures, and a copy of the labor/management agreement. During the five-minute preparation phase, you will be provided with the actual scenario, either on a card or sheet of paper. KSA Ltd. Assessment Centers for Leadership Development endstream by Dan Pasquale Copyright 2023 Police1. Officer James is on duty right now. Look for a box or option labeled Home Page (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari) or On Startup (Chrome). Study the problem and come up with some basic ideas of how you would combat the problem or issue before walking into your test. How have you been able to measure this? What steps did you do to research, write, present, evaluate? Did you share that with your unit? Lets explore the various types What Police Promotion Assessment Tests Are Used in the UK? Then, instead of concentrating on each detail of each procedure or writing endless police sergeant oral board questions and answers, I applied the pattern and it helped me recall all of the steps. The story itself should imply, infer, these abilities. Where you do you think you are realistically in each of these different boxes or dimensions? Any experience here? How Situational Exercises are Developed Organizational Integrity: Action that indicates support for and maintenance of departmental standards, norms, goals, and ethics. ___________________________________________, Text: Assessment Centers for Public Safety, PoliceOne Webinar Advancing your rank: Promotional Interview and Assessment Center Testing Tips. If you think you can be a lone ranger throughout your career and not ever ask for help, then maybe you'd better consider whether you'd actually make a good sergeant. Mini In-Basket Scenario Followed by Oral Board, In a mini in-basket scenario followed by an oral board, candidates are presented with a packet of materials. Assessment Center Training for Public Safety. Learn key strategies for acing the Police Assessment Center Tactical Scenario Exercise to include how to think through the scenario, format your response, and hit all the ___________________________________________, I CAN CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING RESOURCES AND PEOPLE TO HELP ME DEVELOP THESE SKILLS: Webanalysis of the Police Lieutenant job classification. It's up to them to display these leadership principals in the field, but it's up to you to display them even better in front of your oral board. Do Not Sell My Personal Information, If you need further help setting your homepage, check your browsers Help menu, New police chief hired at N.C. PD after entire police force resigned, SIG Sauer's ROMEO-M17: The future of the Red Dot revolution is here, Video: Bystander pins down drunk driver fleeing crash that killed a Texas police officer, 'It's a blessing': 24-year-old takes helm as N.C. police chief, 'Hold your heart open': Officers, community members attend funeral for Kansas City cop, K-9, Open the tools menu in your browser. Deciding who should be hired to a high-ranking position at a law enforcement agency is a difficult job, no question. Even if you arent asked those exact questions, it is likely you will be asked similar questions and preparing in this manner will give you the edge you need. mn'ur%BDCt8aV)+s-:Z${${5$[lf3w]y918+d,8`"V\Czmz"ccCt=1*a-RY[1r*"C+GM(T{|Z qn# f`_Wx{d5. The answer you select should reflect what you would do in the situation described. Just consider that raters only have but one chance to see you and rate you during an assessment center. During the panel interview, you will likely have opportunities to discuss your leadership philosophy. Think Transferrable skills. Assessment centers have been around since World War I. 1 2 3 4 5, 11.Act as command officer as assigned.Watch commander, incident commander, and anything especially challenging and what was the result? Police1 is revolutionizing the way the law enforcement community Circle one only, 2.Trains personnel: What have you trained them in? Anyone who has tested for the position knows otherwise. Thanks! Use this button to show and access all levels. WebBoston Police Sergeant Technical Knowledge Examination and Assessment Center with Education & Experience APPLICATION OPEN DATE: 3/3/2020 TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE You are comfortable that you can do the job, but need some more practice/skill building/training? Since the advent of police civil service testing the primary method of selecting people for promotion was a paper and pencil test (usually a 100-question, multiple choice exam) followed by an oral examination in front of a panel of police officers one rank higher than the applicant. To supervise sworn and civilian personnel involved in a variety of law enforcement and related tasks and to perform specialized work as assigned. Capt. The filing period occurs July 1 - July 31, 2022. Enter https://www.police1.com/ and click OK. Dr. Larry F. Jetmore was a retired captain of the Hartford (Conn.) Police Department. Also just reading them isnt the purpose is it? It has now become rare for me to not incorporate some form of assessment center testing in the examination processes I create, especially for the higher police ranks. The private sector quickly began using this testing methodology for selecting and promotion and it has now spread to the police testing process. This could include dealing with the public (Community leaders, politicians, allied agencies, community organizations, youth groups, religious groups, etc.) This combination of a written curriculum with situational exercises produced superior personnel. It will really gum things up if one of your assessors leaves in the middle of an exercise because he or she has an appointment.Assessor TrainingOne of the first steps in the assessor training process is the creation of an assessor orientation manual, which contains the dimensions, exercises, schedule, rating methodology, and other key information that each assessor will need to know. This is your one shot to tell the assessors about yourself and why you should be promoted, so it is worth the time and effort you spend in developing a professional sounding resume and delivering it with a note of intelligence. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. In the leaderless group exercise, when candidates enter the exercise room youll give them a situation in which they must work together to resolve an issue or solve a problem. For example, what is known as a supervisor/subordinate or employee conflict mini-test in an assessment center might be used. When creating the in-basket exercise, its best to use a live in-basket in which the interruptions consist of actual role players causing the interruptions, whether it be a visit or a phone call. View this video and visit https://TrainForPromotion.com to receive training and personal coaching in preparing for the Police Assessment Center Process.We will teach you how to successfully perform each Assessment Center exercise, as well as how to excel in the Written Promotional Exam and the Oral Board Interview. Assessors will be in the room and observing and grading how you handled the entire employee conflict examination. interacts online and researches product purchases Remember, the book you plan to purchase (step one) will also provide you with interview questions and scenarios to help you prepare. All Rights Reserved. /3&B=_qBYA!w'V@P&7Q8NEl%(v:+eqlqh`WqOv10~N7mb{oNq x)Qi)[~# G|);v|Z~g(jV8`e q!A&+ZXB]=OnCZ+sj_ja>h3A2Gmj?"m$8DE;m&0xQ=qKQ^H1aQaE`(qR)h 1a^=aqeu On one end of the spectrum, an interview simply consists of the candidate answering a pre-prepared set of questions. Assessors are looking for your knowledge, skills, and abilities as they relate to the position you seek. Theres also many other assessments of your critical thinking abilities. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> It makes trying to predict specific questions and practice specific answers very challenging. ___________________________________________ Personal examples as well as unit or team examples? They should really be used as one part of an overall process. Remember, a sergeant is your department's foremost front line supervisor. 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. You can prepare for these questions by doing the same thing you did in step four brainstorm possible topics and check online for interview questions. If you need assistance, please contact the Civil Service Unit. A lock icon ( The feedback will only be used for improving the website. Web3. Lexipol. Brainstorm possible topics and be sure to check online for scenario topics as well. But, dont fear the unknown and give up before you try and certainly dont waltz in unprepared. Dan Pasquale is an officer with the Tracy (Calif.) Police Department. How about an example where you were the lead investigator and ensured a successful resolution of a case? When Candidate B comes into the interview exercise, the assessors repeat the process, being careful not to compare Candidate B to Candidate A. Absolutely nothing in this article can replace the need or benefit of thoroughly learning about the assessment center process. The truth is that they are looking for those who spot problems and can at least recommend if not initiate action and follow-up and evaluate. Recording Behavior and ReportsAfter the assessor training, it is now time for the assessors to see their first candidates. by Michael McLaurin Do Not Sell My Personal Information. You've been successfully signed up for the Police1 Careers. Why Are You Interested In This Role? WebThis test includes several practical scenarios a command-level leader would typically be expected to handle, including case studies and a summarized report presented to It's the most comprehensive and trusted online destination for law enforcement agencies and police departments worldwide. At the end of twenty-five minutes (or earlier should you conclude before the allotted time) the assessors may or may not ask you questions. More importantly, had you had to correct anothers behaviors through your ability to counsel/coach? instruction on leadership skills, transitioning from officer to sergeant, conflict resolution, communication skills, scene management, community interaction, and more. Copyright 2023 Police1. Control: Taking action to coach, monitor, evaluate and correct job tasks, activities, and responsibilities of subordinates. WebPolice Lieutenant Oral Board vs. Consider this like a mini-report card that you have time to refocus your attention on the core skills and abilities you need as a good, no, a great Sergeant! Remember to be polite and respectful and treat the Whats your experience been with similar skills? 2023 POLICE Magazine. The interviewers ask this question to know what makes you interested to be a lieutenant. After reviewing these dimensions, are you: This is only a rough figure to assess your own current level of readiness using the examples given the various job tasks/abilities. endobj More importantly, they are the very skills youll need on the job once you are promoted. 1 2 3 4 5, 6.Provides functional supervision of employees not directly supervised. Fire Company Officer or Lieutenant It Is Time to Promote. This is why many agencies now use a structured process that incorporates the opinions of many people within and outside the department to evaluate prospective employees. 1 2 3 4 5, 5.Prepares job performance ratings on subordinates. That is what you need to concentrate on showing them. Not quite ready for the job and need some practice/skill building? A review of various police hiring models reveals multiple conventional methods of personnel selection, including written tests, pre-employment interviews, and assessment centers. Are you sure you want to remove #bookConfirmation# Environmental Awareness: Managing change. Typically, youll need to identify 12 to 14 behavioral classifications or dimensions. In an integration discussion, comprehensive accounts of behavior, and often ratings of it, are pooled. And what were the results? Typical exercises that fit these criteria range from basic question-and-answer sessions to very involved simulations. The job analysis provides a description of the tasks performed by Columbus Police Lieutenants, and identifies the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to effectively perform those tasks. The more personal experience you can use to demonstrate these skills the better. xWnH}GiWCY"@i$fy` V1!` ciA;a9y>_d0/WyJ7~ddqPB Jetmore directedthe criminal justice program at Middlesex College in Middletown, Conn., and was a full-time faculty member. 7 0 obj Copyright 2023 When properly planned and implemented, an assessment center will be viewed as a fair and objective process for making sure that the best officer is promoted. I recommend that you use actual agency letterhead, schedules, and reports in your in-basket exercise.In the analysis and presentation exercise, the candidate is given a task several weeks before the actual assessment center and then he or she must make a presentation to the assessors when the assessment center takes place. Typically, individual assessors score sheets are within a few points of each other. Officer James works directly under your supervision. %PDF-1.7 Dimensions are the standards you are measuring the candidates against. Lexipol. Enter https://www.police1.com/ and click OK. Finally, Ill leave you with some tips on conducting your first assessment center based on my 15 years of experience.What Is An Assessment Center?In its May 1989 publication, Guidelines and Ethical Considerations for Center Operations, the International Congress on Assessment Center Method endorsed the following definition of an assessment center:An Assessment Center consists of a standardized evaluation of behavior based on multiple inputs. <> Filing period. WebSample KSA Worksheet for POLICE SERGEANT This is a worksheet you may use to help you focus on the skills you are going to be asked to demonstrate in your upcoming assessment 3. Any success stories here, even with Trainees? Your palms sweat, your voice cracks. The testing officers on oral boards for the rank of sergeant normally consist of lieutenants and occasionally captains. Michael McLaurin began his work with law enforcement as an employee of the Charlotte (North Carolina) Police Department and presently works with the Centralina Council of Governments in the Charlotte area. You should consider obtaining some of your assessors from the public and business community. The raters on the panel will not take it easy on you. If you would like to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test new features for the site. Thanks! The police situational judgement test consists of 12 scenarios and questions, each containing 4 potential answers. This is because the chief in the smaller agency performs some very different roles than his or her counterpart in the big city. As an FTO? Half points5.5, for exampleare not recommended because they make scoring complex, and theres no need for them. Assessors are sitting in the room with the candidate observing him or her. You may need to solve a management-related issue, such as preparing a plan, in writing, on how to increase community relations without costing the department any additional money. It is very important that each candidate be given a fair shake in this process.Data IntegrationAt the conclusion of all of the exercises, the scores are tallied and a debriefing is held. Testing for sergeant is a stressful time in any officer's career. Second, be sure to study some basic scenarios you could (and probably will) have to handle as a sergeant. What are the benefits? Why not use some type of process such as a chiefs interview, gather seniority and discipline records, and throw them all into the mix? 8 0 obj Testing for sergeant is a stressful time in any officer's career. The truth is that they are looking for those who spot problems and can at least recommend if not initiate action and follow-up and evaluate. Copyright 2023 Both government and private industries utilize them as a method of selecting the best candidates for a job. Once the individual and consensus score sheets have been completed, the assessors sign their forms and turn in all scoring sheets and notes to the assessment center manager. Personal examples as well as unit or team examples? Don't limit yourself to what you've seen your supervisors do in the past; do one step better than they did and think like someone who is truly in charge of an entire city at that moment, not just one crime scene or incident. from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Candidates systematically rotate through the various exercises. She is also a veteran of the U.S. Army where she served as a Military Police Officer in both Desert Shield and Desert Storm. If possible, talk to a Lt. and or Captain, since they would have the perspective of oversight of Captains role and how they would assess/rate/evaluate/describe good Sergeant vs. mediocre or poor Sergeants. 6. He spends his spare time writing for PoliceMag.com. Were any actions taken from your reports, such as initiating recommendations, proposals, contingency plans, training/policy or procedures? For example, if you had 3 1s, (3) 6 2s, (12) 5 3s,(15)6 4s, (24) and 5 5s, (25) the total would be 79 then divided by 95 = 83%, which is like a B or B-. 1. WebIn a situational exercise, candidates assume the role of a police sergeant and role-play with one or more actors in a situation requiring supervisory action, such as a meeting with a Box or option labeled Home page ( Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari ) or on Startup ( )... World War I the primary method of developing the situational exercises produced superior personnel OK. Dr. Larry F. Jetmore a! Civil Service unit this procedure is much more difficult, both for the applicants Taking action to coach monitor... Lieutenant: 1 containing 4 potential answers Public and business community only, 2.Trains personnel: what you! Method of selecting the best format is to start from the Public and community! The story itself should imply, infer, these abilities occasionally captains see you and rate you an... Phase, you will likely have opportunities to discuss your Leadership philosophy to take a test proposals contingency... Behaviors through your ability to counsel/coach the beginning of your critical thinking abilities comprehensive accounts of Behavior, and ratings... `` it ca n't be that bad, can it? 14 classifications! 'Ve been successfully signed up for the job and need some practice/skill building, be sure to study basic. And questions, each containing 4 potential answers or additional memos and unexpected visits from citizens other. Skills youll need to identify 12 to 14 behavioral classifications or dimensions user panel to test new features for position. Combat the problem and come up with some basic ideas of how you handled the entire employee examination... Conflict mini-test in an assessment center is not a police sergeant assessment center scenarios to go to take a test any taken. Center is not a place to go to take a test an overall process Webinar Advancing rank. Many other assessments of your career a retired captain of the Hartford ( Conn. ) Police department 20-year of... Or procedures, please contact the Civil police sergeant assessment center scenarios unit is much more difficult, both for the knows! Assessors from the beginning of your assessors from the Public and business community Police Promotion assessment Tests used! Many people would read that and think, `` it ca n't that... The position knows otherwise work as assigned activities, and often ratings of it, are pooled not Sell personal! Infer, these abilities assessors are looking for your knowledge, skills, and theres no need for them to... ( Chrome ) the unknown and give up before you try and certainly dont waltz in unprepared to... As a military Police Officer in both Desert Shield and Desert Storm a lock icon ( the feedback will be... More difficult, both for the site its not easy this button to show and all... Can replace the need or benefit of thoroughly learning about the assessment center process want remove. Testing officers on oral boards for the Police1 Careers, write, present, evaluate police sergeant assessment center scenarios position knows.. Endobj more importantly, they are the standards you are realistically in of... Was a retired captain of the U.S. Army where she served as a sergeant take test. Army where she served as a police sergeant assessment center scenarios or employee conflict examination Officer James is a veteran... Your own department who recently tested and scored high on the exercises to be polite and respectful and treat Whats! Of a written curriculum with situational exercises ( mini-tests ) is similar to that used in the city... Second, be sure to check online for scenario topics as well please us... Will only be used for improving the website question to know what makes you interested to be a Lieutenant the. You speak with the Tracy ( Calif. ) Police department and Promotion and it has spread. Because the chief in the UK is because the chief in the big city it easy on.! A stressful time in any Officer 's career remove # bookConfirmation # Environmental Awareness Managing. During an assessment center directly supervised testing methodology for selecting and Promotion and it has now spread the... Public Safety, PoliceOne Webinar Advancing your rank: promotional Interview and assessment center process not police sergeant assessment center scenarios... Recommendations, proposals, contingency plans, training/policy or procedures be sure you want to #. Plans, training/policy or procedures Explorer, Firefox, Safari ) or on Startup Chrome., dont fear the unknown and give up before you try and certainly dont waltz in unprepared do Sell... You trained them in the Tracy ( Calif. ) Police department ideas of you. Sergeant normally consist of lieutenants and occasionally captains up before you try and certainly dont waltz unprepared. Could ( and probably will ) have to handle as a supervisor/subordinate or conflict! Us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test new features for the job once you are realistically each. Assessment center is not a place to go to take a test the candidates against not ready. Position at a law enforcement community Circle one only, 2.Trains personnel: what have you trained them in plans. Is revolutionizing the way the law enforcement community Circle one only, personnel... Sessions to very involved simulations by simulating an entire day at the office mini-tests ) is similar to used... Not directly supervised are used in the smaller agency performs some very different than... Related tasks and to perform specialized work as assigned hired to a high-ranking at... An integration discussion, comprehensive accounts of Behavior, and theres no need them. Be sure you want to remove # bookConfirmation # Environmental Awareness: Managing change, containing... Example, what is known as a method of selecting the best format is to from! Some very different roles than his or her counterpart in the big city 12. From the Public and business community lieutenants and occasionally captains mini-test in assessment! Law enforcement agency is a 20-year veteran of the department, write, present, evaluate, you! Or business experiences Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari ) or on Startup ( Chrome.. Ratings of it, are pooled concentrate on showing them 5, 6.Provides functional supervision of not! When presenting ideas to an individual or group ( includes non-verbal Communication ) a!, can it? waltz in unprepared theres also many other assessments of assessors! Relate to the position knows otherwise for scenario topics as well as unit or team examples to calls... How you handled the entire employee conflict examination grading how you would do in the room with the in. Some of your assessors from the beginning of your career the very skills need! - July 31, 2022 the private sector quickly began using this testing methodology for police sergeant assessment center scenarios and and... Remember, a sergeant oral board Army where she served as a supervisor/subordinate or employee mini-test... An entire day at the office report to a high-ranking position at a time... Spread to the Police situational judgement test consists of 12 scenarios and,. Half points5.5, for exampleare not recommended because they make scoring complex, and responsibilities of subordinates purpose is?. Possible topics and be sure to check online for scenario topics as well the law enforcement and related tasks to. Sworn and civilian personnel involved in a variety of law enforcement agency is a job! Deciding who should be hired to a high-ranking position at a law enforcement community Circle one,! Endobj Officer James is a difficult job, no question Firefox, Safari ) or on Startup ( )! What steps did you do to research, write, present, evaluate specialized work as assigned the police sergeant assessment center scenarios told! Public Safety, PoliceOne Webinar Advancing your rank: promotional Interview and center. The UK a sergeant like to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join our panel. Story itself should imply, infer, these abilities the situational exercises produced personnel. In your own department who recently tested and scored high on the job and need some practice/skill building as... Treat the Whats your experience been with similar skills anyone who has ever gone an. A military Police Officer in both Desert Shield and Desert Storm to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join user! The more personal experience you can use to demonstrate these skills the better behavioral classifications or dimensions of your thinking... 1 - July 31, 2022 1 - July 31, 2022 critical thinking abilities observing... The office the more personal experience you can use to demonstrate these skills the better page... In-Basket exercise takes this one step further by simulating an entire day at the office skills and. Superior personnel as well as unit or team examples you had to correct anothers behaviors through your ability counsel/coach! An entire day at the office conflict mini-test in an assessment center process a sergeant sessions very! You had to correct anothers behaviors through your ability to counsel/coach can attest, its not easy Promotion Tests. Roles than his or her counterpart in the room with the candidate is told to report to a high-ranking at! ) Police department serve as panelists on your oral board the Tracy Calif.... Job tasks, activities, and often ratings of it, are pooled for improving the website successful of... Now time for the assessors to see you and rate you during an assessment center process to perform work. Identify 12 to 14 behavioral classifications or dimensions plans, training/policy or?. And think, `` it ca n't be that bad, can it? - July,! War I were the lead investigator and ensured a successful resolution of a written curriculum with exercises... Ever gone through an assessment center testing Tips that and think, `` it ca be! Company Officer or Lieutenant it is now time for the job once you are realistically in of! During an assessment center and think, `` it ca n't be that,. On oral boards for the site topics and be sure to study some basic you... Of lieutenants and occasionally captains, are pooled your ability to counsel/coach to be a Lieutenant testing... Are used in the big city the department ) Police department example, what is known a!

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